2014
PASSIONE
The request from the commissioning party for a work themed on the Passion of Christ to be placed in the church of the new hospital in Bergamo dedicated to Giovanni XXIII immediately directed our interest towards a representation set in the city of Bergamo. The choice was due to the awareness of the strong bond between the city and the figure of this pope, whose cordial relationship with the people was also influenced by his humble origins; a son of the Bergamo countryside directed towards the priestly ministry.
From here arose the idea of representing the Passion of Christ with a scenic space set in a compact city, reduced to its essential elements, whose structure was influenced by medieval suggestions and reminiscent of the rite of the Via Crucis proposed by St. Francis at the beginning of the second millennium of our era.
A city built with the contribution of elements, not necessarily contiguous but perfectly recognizable, belonging to the monumental part of the Upper Town; a city to be built as the backdrop of a sacred representation and to be rendered as a map of the geography of the spirit. Hence the association with the traditional devotion linked to the mysteries of the Via Dolorosa that St. Francis created to bring all humanity closer to Christ through compassion.
Beyond the origin of this practice, whether Marian or Franciscan, a matter of greater significance for historians or philologists, the most interesting aspect for artists is the dynamics that led to the elaboration and consolidation of this rite. If initially those who witnessed the Passion of Christ cultivated the memory of the events as a succession of events over time, orienting them within the topography of Jerusalem, over time they ended up giving them the form of stations, that is, a narrative that orders the events even within a space, creating a path. Each event of the Passion is fixed, from memory and from the Scriptures, in a very precise place in Jerusalem, and from that moment it becomes a scene, therefore an image, that is, a tangible envelope through which to contemplate the mystery of the Passion. Each scene is thus an event that crystallizes, completed in the stationes.
The city of Jerusalem is the place to which the gaze of Christianity is directed, the primary place of the Passion of Christ; the difficulty of going there has ended up making every place of Christianity a reflection of Jerusalem, especially on the days when the rite of the Passion is celebrated. This reflection projects the feelings of the faithful onto the places of Jerusalem dear to Christianity, increasing the pathos of the representation of the suffering Christ.
It is in this reconstruction of the city of Bergamo that the landscape of the Passion is structured. A terrestrial place that becomes the theater of the Incarnation of the Word, that is, the representation of the mystery of God becoming man.
The choice follows the tradition of Italian art starting from Tiberio d’Assisi, influenced by the cycles painted in the Upper Basilica by Giotto and Cimabue, who in the fifteenth century, commissioned by the Disciplinati of the Basilica of San Francesco, painted a crucifixion with a landscape background of a view of Lake Trasimeno recognizable by the friars and the faithful. Reproducing urban spaces and landscapes that the faithful felt as their own helps to fuel devotion to the Passion of Christ. For this reason, the decision was made to condense the city of Bergamo into a space entirely perceptible to the eye and at the same time built in a way that the characters of the representation would not get lost in the architecture.
Here too, European artistic tradition has aided us in the solution: urban and landscape elements had to be conceived as theatrical backdrops of the mystery-event. A container of urban space had to be built, a landscape that closed the urban backdrops, and finally, playing on the scale of proportions between characters and background buildings.
Thus, two spaces were created, identifiable as squares open at the front, and around these two primary spaces, the city was built. The natural container of the buildings of this city became a scaled-down representation of the walls of Upper Bergamo, with the choice of construction elements such as bastions, platforms, and pieces of walls recognizable as those of Fara and Sant’Agostino. The walls were equipped with access gates (remembering that the route of the Passion involves entering and leaving the city through gates and gardens); the gates used are those of San Giacomo and Porta San Lorenzo.
The construction of these walls allowed dividing the space of the work into urban space and space of nature, thus allowing the construction of the backdrops of the representation and the path that unfolds from the outside to the inside of the city. The outer spaces at the base of the walls were chosen from those below the walls of San Lorenzo, Sant’Agostino, and San Giacomo.
The background landscape consists of fragments of images of hills and heights that serve as a natural backdrop to Upper Bergamo. Their juxtaposition originates from the search for compositional balances rather than from a purely geographical reconstruction of the places.
Together with the background landscape, we have the walled houses, which are characteristic glimpses of the urban landscape of the Upper Town and which have been built with suggestive memories of the roofs and stone walls of the buildings of Jerusalem occupying the two main hills.
Once the urban landscape and countryside scenery were designed, we had to tackle the photographic capture of the selected portions of the city and countryside. To overcome the technical obstacles posed by traditional photographic shooting, such as distances between buildings, unreachable viewpoints, and buildings too close together to allow for a complete photographic capture, we decided to change the point of view and use an aerial perspective.
In this case, technology came to our aid through the use of a small drone equipped with a continuously shooting camera. This solution allowed us to have access to unusual viewpoints for the various buildings, with the advantage of having the camera framing according to the flight attitude adopted by the vehicle.
The places and buildings chosen for the urban backdrops include: the Cathedral, Santa Maria Maggiore, the gardens of the Episcopal Curia, the Palazzo della Ragione, the Baptistery, buildings in Piazza Mercato del Fieno, the church of Sant’Agostino, the Campanone, and many other buildings in the urban fabric of Città Alta. Additionally, we chose to reconstruct cobblestones and paving to resemble the Lithostrotos (Gabbatha), the courtyard in front of the Praetorium and the tribunal of ancient Jerusalem.
The next phase involved the photographic capture of the sacred representation of the Passion. We gathered a special company of actors, non-professionals taken from the street, to play the roles of Christ, Pilate, Mary and the pious women, Simon of Cyrene, Pilate, Caiaphas, the executioners, and the bystanders. For the background characters composing the crowd, we chose to shoot during the sacred representations that take place in the towns of the Bergamo area during Holy Week.
We thus prepared a performance of the Passion of Christ in which the actors portrayed living tableaux along a predetermined route within the ancient city. In this case too, for compositional unity, we were compelled to shoot from above, ensuring that in almost every scene, Christ directed his gaze towards the audience.
The costumes of the extras and actors are defined as a blend of contemporary style and historical costume, aiming to anchor the representation in everyday life and ensure that the mystery of the passion is felt more deeply by the viewers, thus increasing the pathos.
Therefore, the scenes present in the work document a representation; for example, the table of the Last Supper documents the meal prepared and shared by the entire company that acted in the Passion.
Once the scenery of the locations was reconstructed, we decided on the route of the representation, which begins from the door at the top left with the entrance into the City and concludes with the Deposition in the tomb at the top right. Based on this route, the various groups were positioned, deciding that the scenes in the Garden of Gethsemane and with Pontius Pilate would take place on the external ground level outside the city walls. On the hill to the right, which corresponds to Golgotha, the scenes of the crucifixion, death, and deposition take place, according to the provided schema. Inside the walls, the scenes of the Last Supper, Christ facing Caiaphas, the scourging, the two falls, the encounter with Veronica, Peter’s denial, and the encounter with the women of Jerusalem occur. On the access ramps to the two gates, we have the episode of Simon of Cyrene and Christ interacting with some children.
The route is topographically described in the image depicting the path: 1. Entrance into Jerusalem, 2. Last Supper, 3. Prayer in Gethsemane, 4. Arrest in the Garden of Olives, 5. Appearance before Caiaphas, 6. Appearance before Pilate, 7. Scourging, 8. Preparation for the ascent to Calvary, 9. Christ speaks to the women of Jerusalem, 10. Peter’s denial, 11. First Fall of Christ, 12. Second Fall of Christ, 13. Third Fall of Christ, 14. Persecution by the executioners, 15. Simon of Cyrene, 16. Christ is nailed to the cross, 17. The good thief, 18. Raising of the Cross, 19. Death of Christ, 20. Christ laid in the tomb.
In reference to St. Francis, we positioned a scene of the Saint with the wolf on the first bastion, and the setting led us to reconstruct a garden with herbs and wildflowers larger than usual. The theme of nature participating in the pain of Christ’s Passion is proposed by including native and exotic plants surrounding the scenery of the individual stations of the Via Dolorosa.
Nature is present not only with plants but also with exotic and non-exotic animals represented within the urban views and surrounding countryside. This underscores nature’s participation, along with all humanity, in the suffering of Christ. We were influenced in this regard by the reading of the apocryphal Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew, in which it is reported in passages XV [“…it is inevitable that the wild beasts tame themselves before me”] and XXXV [“The animals recognize me and become gentle, men see me and do not recognize me”] Jesus’ love for animals as a child and the reassurance to his parents that the fierce beasts with him are gentle. In addition to mammals, there are amphibians, birds, and insects, the latter camouflaged among the flowers and grass stems of the meadows. In the sky of the crucifixion, there are finally ravens to emphasize the sacrifice that has been made.
The choice of animals is symbolic and has been influenced by the reading of medieval bestiaries, including the most referenced ones: the “Moralized Bestiary of Gubbio” and the “Libellus de natura animalium”. Each animal was chosen based on the virtues it symbolizes.
The technique used is digital photography with printing on cotton paper with color interventions on the support itself. The general tone of the image is the black and white of photography, which serves to give unity to the entire representation and also confer a dramatic atmosphere to the scenes. Color interventions were made on the support with polymer pigments and other interventions with traditional pigments.
The work is proposed as a diptych and includes a single frame for each panel that makes up the work, right panel and left panel. The frame consists of profiles in wood and steel with white color interventions on the wooden parts inside the frames. The frame is closed with UV-resistant glass using very advanced anti-reflection technology, which reduces the transmission of UV rays from outside to the digital print and eliminates the color dominance of the anti-breakage glass.
The image is printed on Canson fine art paper, 300g/m cotton paper, manufactured using processes that guarantee its durability over time. The inks used for the digital image printing are polymerized six-color inks with a guaranteed lifespan of over 100 years and high-density color depth.
The image is obtained through digital printing with machines dedicated to continuous printing of large surfaces, requiring highly specialized personnel and a print curve configuration that requires setting tests, consuming a large amount of the same high-grammage paper.
Individual image size: H 262 cm x W 146 cm
Individual frame size: approximately H 272 x W 156 cm
STAUROS
THE WORK
The symbol of the cross encapsulates all the Christological meanings, to which are added those of the universal value of this sacrifice, reflecting on the mystery of creation. All of this is rendered through the use of the sound of the residual noise of the universe’s birth, an instant that, even for non-believers, represents the moment of Creation.
The placement is aimed at emphasizing the separation between the profane and the sacred space. The space above the church’s entrance, with the placement of the cross in the upper part of the aperture, illuminated and illuminating, underscores the cosmic orientation: man, as a spiritual being, is oriented towards the light, hence the rising of the sun from the east and upwards, in the direction of the pole star. The cross placed high above the entrance passage is positioned on the plane of the vertical axis, what is called the Axis Mundi, the privileged axis in the communication of man with the divine.
The event is the encounter between the cross and the church, an encounter in which the two elements have a reciprocal functionality: orientation and welcoming. Placing the cross in the church is about finding a natural position aimed at orienting the building by aligning the stipes at 45.7° latitude and the patibulum in the east/west direction. At the same time, a placement had to be found in the space above the vestibule that was a natural location, almost as if the cross were the residue of the emptying that leads from the vestibule to the summit light through the cross.
The work thus becomes a luminous body reflecting the light originating from the top of the gap of the entrance and reaching the faithful who cross the threshold of the church. The cross is anchored to the building, suspended above the access path to the church, giving the impression of levitating above the vestibule. It has dimensions of 3 meters in width by 5 meters in height, with a section of 35 x 35 cm. The material used is wood, with processing optimized to modulate the color tone of the artifact and the veins of the chosen essence.
Built on a lightweight wooden framework onto which the light wood covering essence is fixed, characterized by robustness and lightness, and equipped with a texture that reflects light with a particular luminescence.
MATERIALS
White painted wood.
A frame is prepared to build the outer casing of the cross. Ceiling-mounted drop lighting is provided to envelop the cross, giving an effect of a luminous body immersed in light.